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Flight Instruments

Pitot/Static Instruments​

Airspeed Indicator​

Tries to figure out just the ram air pressure less accurate at higher altitudes and temperatures Fed by the pitot tube

  • Takes in both ram air pressure and static air pressure Compares two different pressures

"Calibrated leak"

If you lea

Vertical Airspeed indicator​

Tells you if you're climbing or descending Calibrated leak goes into the casing

Altimiter​

Anaroid wafer stack expands and contracts 29.92 standard at sea level

Pitot/Static System Errors​

AirspeedAltimiterVertical Speed
Front of pitot blocked, static clear
Front and drain of pitot blocked
Pitot clear, static blocked

Gyroscopic Instruments​

Ther's an engine driven vacuum pump moving gyroscopes in the system

Rigitity in Space​

As long as a gyroscope is spinning, it will be able to stay in a "fixed" position

Heading indicator​

Gimbal rotation

The airplane is spinning around the

Gyroscopic procession​

Why do we care about this in the instruments

Turn Coordinator​

Candted Gyro

Operates from electrical power The ball is just from gravity in fluid

Skid is tokyo drifting, you can end up in a spin On base to final you sometimes encourage a skid Also taking off and turning crosswind is when you'll spin

Uses rigity in space

Magnetic Compass​

True north and magnetic north -> Magnetic variation

UNOS Undershoot north, overshoot south

ANDS Accellerate North Decelerate South

Magnetic deviation The metal in the plane interferes with the metal in the compass

Airplanes have a compass card that

VOR​

Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range VOR Station

After "Tuning in a VOR" You can fingure out where in relation to the VOR you are

Pulsing and Sweeping signal

Course Deviation Indicator​

If you did dual VOR navigation you'd ude two CDIs

You get the VOR frequencies from your chart

Turn the OBS knob to change the heading, tune in your CDI through OBS

Errors​

Scalping - it will swing back and forth. you can still use it by averaging the center of where it's swinging

The US has a VOR "minimum operational network" where you could

You can use DME for measuring distance from a VOR

Distance Measuring Equipment​

DME measures distance in slant range distance Not good at it's job when you're close and high. Accurate when you're low and far away

Do we need to know more than abode?

A VOR has DME most of the time if it has DME at all. twin oakes planes have GPS instead of DME

Horizontal Situation Indicator HSI​

Usually wont have the analog version of this in most (Twin Oaks) cesnas The cesnas have a G5

Electronic instruments​

Combines your entire 6pack into one instrument

magnetometer​

Heading comes from magnetometer - located in the tail, the wing or in cesnas the strut. It measures the change in the flow of an electronic current

Air Data computer​

rv12s 448 35H

Those iwthout an air temperature probe uses ... something else. Without the probe it cant calculate true airspeed

Attitude and Headeing Reference System​

Combination of magnitometer, accelerometer and a fake gyroscope In the g5s it

Air inertia sensor ..??

Quiz​

1. What are the primary flight controls? What do they control?

Ailerons - Roll
Rudder - Yaw
Elevator - Pitch


2. What are the secondary flight controls? What do they do?

Trim - Helps hold an attitude
Flaps - Helps fly a steeper descent at a constant airspeed. Greater lift for slower speed
Spoilers - Spoil the lift on the surface of the wing, putting the weight on the wheels


3. What are the 4 strokes of our aircraft’s internal combustion engines?

Intake, Compression, Combustion, Exhaust


4. What is detonation? Pre Ignition? How do you fix them?

Detonation - When the fuel/air mixture explodes rather than burns evenly
Pre Ignition - Hot spots on the cylinder ignite the fuel/air mixture early


5. Why is the propeller twisted?

Greater angle of attack at the hub to provide equal lift across the blade


6. How does fuel get drawn into the carburetor?

Venturi effect creates a low pressure zone, sucking the fuel into the air


7. Where does ice form in the carb and under what conditions? If it’s 60 degrees outside (F) can carb ice still form? 70? 80?

When that low pressure zone is formed, the temp drops and ice will form there. Ice can form usually under 70 degrees but when it’s hotter on the ground, at altitude it will most often be cooler, so the risk is basically always there. Even if there is no visible moisture in the air, like on a clear summer day.


8. What are magneto’s? How are they connected to the rest of the ignition system?

Self-contained electrical generator units with a spinning electromagnet inside that each provide power to one of each of the two spark plugs on each cylinder, essentially allowing for one of them to run the engine if the other one fails


9. How do carb and cabin heat work?

Air for the carb and cabin heat are routed over the exhaust shroud allowing the heat from the exhaust to heat up the air.


Scenarios​

Explain what you would do or check in each of the following scenarios:

a. In the summer, climbing to cruise altitude and the CHT’s are in the red

Lower the pitch, reduce rpm, accelerate to increase airflow over the engine


b. At runup, you pull the carb heat and watch the engine rpm. Nothing changes

Take the airplane back to get checked out, some problems you will not be able to solve yourself


c. On takeoff, you appear to take longer than usual to get off the ground and your climb performance is greatly reduced. Density altitude is standard

Verify carb heat is pushed in and magnetos are on BOTH


d. In cruise the engine appears to die or cut out, losing large amounts of rpm for short periods of time

Likely carb ice, so pull carb heat and let run for several minutes